Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product formed when muscle tissue is broken down or metabolized by the body from routine use or a high-protein diet. The kidneys filter creatinine from the blood and expel it in urine. Abnormal creatinine levels can indicate underlying or developing kidney disease. Serum creatinine serves as a biomarker for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculations in current clinical practice to assess kidney health, though its limitations in populations with varying muscle mass, hydration status, age, and ethnicity are well documented. [50] [51]

[50]Ávila M, Mora Sánchez MG, Bernal Amador AS, Paniagua R. The Metabolism of Creatinine and Its Usefulness to Evaluate Kidney Function and Body Composition in Clinical Practice. Biomolecules. 2025;15(1):41. doi:10.3390/biom15010041

[51]Kashani K, Rosner MH, Ostermann M. Creatinine: From physiology to clinical application. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;72:9-14. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2019.10.025

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