Testosterone

Testosterone is a sex hormone produced primarily by the testes in males and in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. It plays a central role in reproductive function, muscle mass, bone density, and mood regulation. While often labeled a “male” hormone, testosterone is essential for health in all sexes. Levels naturally decline with age and can be affected by chronic illness, medications, or endocrine disorders. Both low and high testosterone levels can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, changes in libido, or altered body composition. Accurate interpretation often requires considering both total and free testosterone, along with SHBG. [72]

[72] Testosterone: a metabolic hormone in health and disease in: Journal of Endocrinology Volume 217 Issue 3 (2013). Accessed November 6, 2025. https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/217/3/R25.xml?body=contentSummary-10171